· Quarries and Constructions: Earth moving crusher jaw, grizzly, screen, stone chutes, chain guide and shredder plates, shovel buckets.

· Mines: Bucket blade of loader, chain conveyor parts, sprocket wheel, various armouring elements.

· Iron Industry, Foundry: Guiding and shifting plates, scraps container, liner of shot blasting unit, pedestal liner, flanged bolster cup, wear liner.

· Concrete and Brickworks: Core and dividing wall of parpen mould, grinding mill scraper, mixer paddle.

· Scraps – Recoveries: Wheel disk, striker and hammer mill.

· Automotive Industries: Shot blasting equipment.

It is also used for its low coefficient of friction in metal-to-metal applications, its non-magnetic properties in electrical transformer assemblies and for industrial lifting magnets. 

A high manganese, fully austenitic, quench annealed, non magnetic, work-hardening steel with an exceptionally high level of wear resistance when subjected to work-hardening by shock or high impact pressure in service. 

The main characteristics is a superior wear resistance: 

Severe wear on the surface has a work-hardening effect on the austenitic structure of this steel.

This, when combined with the level of carbon in accordance with the international standards, leads to an increase in hardness from 200BHN (in as delivered plate) up to an in-service hardness of at least 600BHN. 

This work-hardening capability renews itself through out in-service life.The underlayers not work-hardened maintain an excellent resistance to shock and a very high ductility.

Chemical Analysis Typical values (% weight)

Mechanical Properties

* after water quenching 980°C (1800°F) 

Physical Properties

Processing
The majority of normal processing can be performed on Creusabro® M plates. However, due to its particular properties (aptitude to work-hardening, high coefficient of expansion, low thermal conductivity) specific precautions have to be taken, especially for the machining and the welding operations.

Cutting:

· Thermal Cutting: The aspect after cutting can be improved through:

- an increase of the heating power of the flame.

- a speed reduction of nozzle displacement of about 30% as compared to the parameters adapted to classical low alloyed steels.

The thermal cutting by plasma or laser is particularly adapted to Creusabro M. When possible, we do advise selection of these processes which produce cuts of the greatest precision. 

· Mechanical Cutting: Guillotine cutting can be easily achieved with sufficiently powerful machines and freshly sharpened blades. When crossed cutting are necessary, intermediate local grinding is required on edge.

Machining
Classical methods are satisfactory as long as inter-pass depth is deeper than the work-hardened zone of the preceeding pass. Therefore sufficiently powerful equipment, without excessive play is required.

· Drilling: Drilling should be executed with bit in supercarburized Cobalt high speed steel type HSSCO (e.g. AISI grade M42):

- reinforced shape

- long twist

- point angle at 130°

Dry drilling leads to good results. The depth of the hole to be drilled, should not exceed 3 times the bit diameter.

Drilling operation must be performed continuously, without any stop.

Other possible solutions: drilling with bits at 3 lips with carbide-tipped or drilling with bits for concrete when small series or hot drilling are considered.

· Milling: Milling with tools in supercarburized Cobalt type HSSCO is possible (e.g. AISI grade M42) but tools with carbide tip (e.g. ISO type P25) are recommended whenever possible.

With these tools, the recommended parameter are:

- cutting-speed: 50 m/min (160ft/min)
- feed: 0.2 mm/tooth for example (0.008”/tooth)

Punching
Punching can be achieved with sufficiently powerful equipment. But the operation should be kept as regular as possible.

Forming
Forming with Creusabro® M is very easy at room temperature. R=2 x e

Pre-heating is not necessary.

Hardened edges resulting from previous mechanical shearing should be grinded before forming. Also a light bevelling of edges should be made. Forming has to be performed slowly.

Necessary folding force (P) has to be P = 760 x w x th² /1000 x L typically

Width = w; th = thickness; L = die opening

Welding
Creusabro® M should be welded with some precautions related to its specific properties. Because of its high coefficient of expansion and low thermal conductivity, the steel is sensitive to thermal distortions and local excessive heating. Consider also that long stages at temperatures higher than 300°C (570°F) induce carbide precipitations which strongly decrease toughness and non-magnetism property.

General Recommendations: Welding is performed with low heat
Welding is performed with low heat input – E< 20KJ/cm, interpass temperature limited to about 100°C (2 10°F) – with water-cooling between each pass if necessary. Distortions should be hammered between passes if necessary.

NB: NEVER PREHEAT

All standard welding procedures can be used.

Weld Metal :

· Heterogeneous welds: (Main practice):

For manual arc welding:

         · weld deposit design 18Cr8Ni6Mn per AWS A5.4.E307
         · weld deposit design 20Cr10Ni3Mo per AWSA5.4E308Mo

For semi-automatic welding under gas the same type of deposit is used in:

         · solid wire – class A5.2 ER 307 or A5.9 ER 308 Mo per AWS
         · flux cored wire – class A5.22E 307 T or A5.22E 308 Mo T per AWS

Homogeneous welds: (work-hardenable deposit)

· For manual arc welding, typical deposit 13Mn3NiMo class A5.13 E FeMn per AWS
· For semi-automatic welding, with or without protective gas, use to flux cored wire of similar composition.

12-14% Manganese Steel - Wear Resistant Steel with High Manganese Content.

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